The loving and helping of Mother Theresa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The pleasing and serviceing of Mother Theresa - Essay ExampleWhen dogma school in Calcutta she was devastated at the poverty and the way of life for the citizens. Although she had already become a nun and dedicated her life to God, the missionary and others, she felt she could and help more. In fact she felt the need to help so badly because the suffering and poverty she glimpsed outside the convent walls made such a deep event on her that in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent school and devote herself to working among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. (Fortune City) The acts of Mother Theresa epitomize the extract being referred to for this essay.The quote when applied to Mother Theresa and her selfless helping applies the likeness can be illustrated time and time again, She was awarded the NOBLE Peace Prize in 1979. However, this was not the expiry of her selfless devotion. Another illustration of her g is that after being a warded the prestigious Noble prize she spent nearly the next two decades helping and loving the poverty stricken of Calcutta.Once Mother Teresa was asked how she could continue day after day after day, visiting the terminally ill feeding them, wiping their brows, giving them rest as they lay dying.

Advertising plan for Vodafone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advertising plan for Vodafone - Assignment ExampleIn the current world, its not only approximately sending text messages and vocal communication there is also the need to send photos, videos etc.Vodafoneprovides all these options. Because of all these facilities more customers argon attracted toVodafone. Their Broadband go are also used by most of the customers. Apart from the products and services they offer, they have started a Vodafone Group bum. The fund of this foundation is collected from the Vodafone Group annually. The Foundation has been started in more than 25 countries and they are involved in many community involvement and social activities. Vodafone was awarded the UKs first mobile license in the family 1982. They started the first international mobile roaming service in the year 1991.In 2002 they started providing the facility to access internet in mobile. Apart from all these, recently they started the Vodafone money depute service through mobile. Through this the customers can send and receive money through safest and easiest way. Vodafone have just about 45% stake on Verizon Wireless services. They acquired a companion named Telsim from Turkey in the year 2006 with an investment of around 2.5 billion Euros. In 2007 they acquired a company Vodafone Essar and entered into the Indian Mobile Market with an investment of around 5 billion Euros. The Vodafone Group is listed in the Stock Exchanges of London and NASDAQ and the headquarters of Vodafone is in London. Vodafone is mainly based on Middle East, Europe, Africa, United States and Asia Pacific. They have spread out their network in other countries also. Partner Market Agreements were made between Vodafone and their partners. With their co-operation, they entered into the marketing of global products and services with different levels of brand. By this strategyVodafoneenters into different countries and spread out their network and made their partners and customers getting more values a nd services. Also for the Vodafone customers who are travelling to other countries, they no need to invest again in that country because of this facility and they can make use of their partner network. The main products of Vodafone areVodafone live,Vodafone Connect to Friends, Vodafone Euro-traveller,Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem,Vodafone 710,Vodafone Freedom Packs, Vodafone at Home and Vodafone Money Transfer. In 2009 Vodafone launched a new business unit for health named as mHealth. In 2010, they launched another product namedVodafone 150. It is labelled as the worlds cheapest mobile phone. Some of the main markets of Vodafone are Germany, Spain, UK, Netherlands, Turkey, Portugal, Greece, Romania, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand etc. In these countries Vodafone have 100% ownership. In South Africa 94% of the stake is own by Vodacom Group and from these 94%, 65% is owned by Vodafone Group. In Italy 76% of stake is owned by Vodafone. In India 65% of stake is owned by Vodafone. Vo dafone also invested in a company namedSafari comit is a market leader in Kenya and it has an ownership of 40%. They have around 25 million subscribers. They have an indirect investment of 4% in Bharti Airtel. Product & Service A wide range of services are offered by Vodafone. A few of them are 1) Voice 2) Messaging 3) selective information and fixed line solutions and devices to assist customers in meeting their overall communication

Managing projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing suffers - Essay ExampleConsequently, a new body of knowledge was evolved, which came to be known as Project Management. oer the years, the science of Project Management has developed enormously and many scholars and practitioners have introduced various tools and techniques to enrich it. Internet, computers, intercommunicate oversight software etc have accelerated the rate of development of project care. Successful completion of project on time with the use of limited resources and minimum cost is the main objective of project management. But, project management in modern times is no longer possible by paying attention towards resources, cost and time alone. The project managers are laboured to look beyond time, cost and resources. The traditional tools and techniques such as Gantt chart, PERT/CPM networks became powerless and attainment of project objective remained a dream for the competent project managers. A careful analysis has been made in various areas of projec t management and finally reached a way-out that project managers need to have a check on the rapidly changing environment in which the project needs to be materialized. The present essay looks on various aspects of project management and the intricacies of project management in the modern rapidly changing project environment.The term project Management has been defined by authors in different ways. there is no unanimity among the academicians and practitioners concerning the activities and the scope of a project manager and hence, about definition. The following definition seems to be a typical one. Project management is the process by which projects are defined, planned, monitored, controlled and delivered such that the agreed benefits are realized. Projects are unique, transient endeavors undertaken to achieve a desired outcome. Projects bring about change and project management is

Prosecuting mothers of children born with problems due to the mothers Term Paper

Prosecuting mothers of children born with problems due to the mothers substance abexercising during pregnancy - Term Paper ExampleIn this regard, ingested psychoactive substances such as drugs have the ability of inducing dependence just like other forms of addictive behavior such as gambling. cod to the ambiguity of this term, medical practitioners and researchers regard addiction as a human behavior that motivated by emotions, ranging from craving to compulsion, continued function in kindle of the known adverse effects and that result to a person losing control (Henry and Ting, 2008). In reference to drug use, American Psychological Association uses substance use disorders as a collective term for substance abuse and dependence (APA, 1994). Under dependence, APA (1994) identifies impaired control over using a substance as an important component. This implies a combination of behavioral, cognitive and psychological symptoms that indicate continuous use of the substance in spite o f the resulting health problems cause by it (Henry, and Ting, 2008). nerve center use in the society is widespread and one of the major areas concern is its effect on big(predicate) women. Chiang and Loretta (1996) noted that substance abuse in women is plebeian to those struggling with poverty, homelessness, mental illness violence and trauma. In United States, SAMHSA (2009) reports that pregnant women are more likely to engage in substance abuse than their non-pregnant counterparts in the same age bracket. According to SAMHSA (2009), 22% of pregnant women reported using cocaine compared to 17% of those who were not pregnant. The rate of substance abuse such as amphetamines and marijuana in pregnant women exceed that of non-pregnant women. According to SAMHSA (2009), 21% of pregnant women used amphetamines compared to 13% of women who were not pregnant. Moreover, 17% of pregnant women admitted to using marijuana as their drug of choice compared to 13 % of those who were not pre gnant. In addition, 18% pregnant women are likely to seek medical attention on drug relate problems compared to 31% of their pregnant counterparts (SAMHSA, 2009). Substance abuse among pregnant women varies with age and race in the United States. For instance, white women are more likely to smoke and use tobacco related products compared to the blacks and Hispanic women (SAMHSA, 2009). An average of 25.7% of pregnant women aged from 15-25 smoke cigarettes compared with 10.6% of their pregnant counterparts aged from 26-44 years (SAMHSA, 2009). This pattern is reflected in alcohol use among the pregnant women, whereby younger pregnant women have higher prevalence rate compared to their older counterparts. However, alcohol use among pregnant women is lower compared to their non-pregnant counterparts in the United States. In addition, nigh pregnant women use more than one type of drugs (SAMHSA, 2009). According to MCFD (2003), one of the leading causes of mental, psychological and phy sical impairments in children is use of substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other illegal drugs by the pregnant mothers. Different drugs have diverse health complications to the unborn child, and MCFD (2003), notes that alcohol is one of the most notorious drugs that cause the backbreaking health complications. Substance use during pregnancy causes premature birth, in addition short term and long-term impairments. However, the effects depend on several factors, including the health status of the mother, the quantity and the type of the drug that

The Opening Two Chapters of the Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

The Opening Two Chapters of the Lord of the Flies EssayWhen William Golding introduce the three main characters of the first two chapters, they seem to be stuck on an unknown island with no adults to look after them. Ralph, porcine and labourer are their names. Ralph is a elegant-minded boy who is groom for action. He is really wise as he often comes up with good ideas. He is immature compared to gross. piggish is to a greater extent ascertain and eager. In chapter one, he is very eager to envision any other living organism on the island. When Jack comes into the story you find that he is very fast-growing(a) and preferably competitant. He is not fair-minded the way Ralph is and he is eager to be a chief and take charge of things.Through the essay I pull up stakes discuss the leading qualities of the three characters and I will argue that none of the them are capable of being a good leader on their own, save if they were to work to catch up withher then maybe they could r all(prenominal) some successionRalph, who is one of the three main characters, is the first person to be introduced on the island. whiz of the positive leadership qualities of Ralph is that he is very confident. This was the voice of one who knew his own mind. To be a leader, confidence is very necessary because if you have to stand up infront of people, you wont feel ashamed or scared Piggy does not seem as confident as Ralph as he tends to hesitate when intercommunicate in large crowds. Piggy glanced nervously into hell and cradled the conch. Jack, like Ralph, is confident too. Ralph and Jack are the ones who normally speak up whereas Piggy is the one who sits and listens.Ralph being as wise as he is, comes up with good ideas. We ought to draw a map. As Ralph is chosen as leader instead of Jack, he perpetually shares his ideas with the rest of the group. I presuppose that a good leader should come up with good ideas, as this is how the group will come to success a nd rattling get somewhere. So really a good leader should be a team player. Like Ralph, I dont think that Piggy and Jack are team players. Even though Piggy is friendly to others he is not really a team player because he does not mix in well with others because of his problems. I think that Jack is too dictatorial to be a good team player.By reading the first couple of chapters, I found out that Ralph is basically the popular one of the group. Ralph counted. Im chief then. He had the most hands up out of the group when they were electing chief. So this does mean that he is popular. If a leader does not have any popularity then no one would listen to them. As Ralph is elected leader he tries to be fair and democratic. He allows Jack to be leader of the hunters when he himself is chosen as leader.Although Ralph has got good physical features and good leadership qualities, you could see now that he big businessman limit a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but t here was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil, he as well has some weaknesses. I think that Ralphs immaturity can get in the way of his leadership. He always wants to have childs play and is hardly serious about anything. Whilst were waiting we can have a good time on this island. A leader should take things seriously to get things done right, and on time. But having said all this, if you put Ralphs immaturity and his seriousness together, they kind of balance. So strictly speaking, Ralph has a got a balanced personality. I think that Jack and Piggys personality is not balanced like Ralphs is. I think that maybe theyre more on the mature and serious side.After Ralph is introduced in the story as the boy with fair hair, Piggy comes into the story. He makes his entrance by calling to Ralph. Hi it said, Wait a minute This quote indicates that Piggy wants to get noticed by Ralph. This shows that Piggy likes to be noticed although in the story this does not ha ppen many times. Unlike Ralph, Piggy is more determined and eager, so a leader should be because I think that determination is what mostly brings people to success. In the first chapter Piggy is very eager to find anyone else living on the island. He comes up with different ways in which to manipulate Ralph into helping him do so. I expect theres a lot more of us scattered about. When Piggy and Ralph find the conch, Piggy comes up with a very good idea to call the others. He told Ralph to blow in it. This is a sign that Piggy does have a good leadership quality he can come up with good ideas, like Ralph.Piggy is excessively very kind and friendly. This is a very necessary quality. If a leader is not very friendly, like Jack, then nobody would like them and enjoy having them around. let him have the conch shouted Piggy. This is where Piggy allows the little boy to have the conch so he could speak. As we know by reading the first couple of chapters, Piggy is quite mature compared to Ralph. Like kids he said scornfully. Acting like a crowd of kids When Piggy says this, he tries to imply that the rest of the boys are playacting like kids and he is the only mature one around. Piggy can also be calm about things and very sensible at times, these are the good leadership qualities that could make him a good leader. But besides all this, when you read chapter two, you learn that Piggy has got a very quick temper.This is a very negative leader ship quality to have. Piggy lost his temper. Also, Piggy can be sarcastic. Sarcasm does not sound very courtly the way Piggy sometimes uses it. You got your small fire all right. And again it is quite a negative leadership quality to have. Besides all the leadership qualities necessary to be a leader, Piggy does not have very good physical features. A leader should be strong and practical and very healthy. Piggy is neither of them. He is more on the fat side. His asthma does not allow him to be as practical as he may want to be . I was the only boy in school what had asthma, said the fat boy. I think that when the other boys went to explore the island, they did not let Piggy come with them because they were afraid that he would slow them down. To conclude about Piggy, I dont think that with all the problems he has, he would make a good leader.When Jack comes into the story, he makes his entrance by marching in on the beach. This already shows that he is full of confidant, a good leadership quality. Although Jack is very aggressive and dictatorial, he could make a good leader. He owns his own choir and he orders them about with oomph and confidence. Choir Stand still. A leader should be able to talk to the rest of the group with confidence, like Jack and Ralph do. Jack is also quite competitant. A leader should be because this way they could have a challenge with someone else and see what they are good at and what they need to be good at. I think that in a way, a leader should be dominant. Jack is very domi nant. I think that this is a good leadership quality because if a leader can control his group then there is no point of them being there.A leader must be dominant and should control their group. Although Jack seems too aggressive, he can also be friendly, like Piggy. Jack grinned back. It seems that Jack can smile and does not always hold a posh look. He is also quite cockeyed as he can make people laugh. Shut up fatty You have to be able to make someone laugh because this nub that if someone is feeling down, you could make him or her feel better by making him or her laugh. I dont think that Jack will be a very good leader if he is chosen as one because he has not got many good leadership qualities as it is. I think that the following words describe him best Dictatorial, impulsive, aggressive and dominant, arrogant, cruel, envious and red headed.As I have now explained the positive and negative leadership qualities that each of the three main characters has, I have finally come t o a conclusion. I have decided that none of the three characters, Ralph, Piggy and Jack could make a good leader on their own. I think that if they work together and not have an individual leader then maybe they could get some success and come up with good ideas together. If you put all their positive leadership qualities together then you come up with one incessantly so good leader. If I were to re-write the whole story again, I would put that all three of them are leaders together

Stem Cell Research and the Human Genome Project Essay Example for Free

beginning Cell inquiry and the forgiving Genome devise EssayApplications of Biotechnology Stem Cell Research and the Human Genome Project Stem Cells Stem cubicles are unspecialized cells found in large quantities in bodies of fetuses and in some single-valued functions of the adult body. These unspecialized cells are capable of forming some other organs, which make it one of the controversial issues in medical ethics. The benefits of stem cell transplant are very huge, but the ethical moral dilemma always enters as many groups question the ethicality of the procedure that stem cell transplant requires. Stem cells are relevant in the development of an organism. It forms other specific cells, and is as well capable of repairing or replacing other change cells in the body. The cells are cultivated from the humane being embryo, which formed 4-5 days after the egg cell undergoes binding by the aid of the sperm cell. It can also be obtained from a fetus between its 5th and 9th week, which will actually be aborted (Experiment Resources, 2008). Stem cell transplant has a potential application for cell-based therapies.Today, illnesses that require organ transplantation become problematic, since the number of patients in need for organ transplant outweighs the number of functional organs. Scientists must first be able to manipulate the stem cells for them to possess the necessary characteristics for differentiation, transplantation and engraftment (National Institute of Health, 2009). The stem cells are incorporated to the tissue of the damaged organ or the organ that has to be replaced. The stem cells proliferate extensively and generate enough cells to form the tissue.The stem cells differentiate into the desired cell compositors case and must survive into the body of the patient. The tissues then integrate to the surrounding tissue after transplant and later on function appropriately as part of the formerly damaged tissues (National Institute of Hea lth, 2009). The members of the society reacted differently as stem cell research progresses to its development. The ethical considerations are still on a coarse debate. The intensity of debates is due to life itself. For countries allowing abortion, the application of stem cell research would be a lot of help.But for those countries which are conservative, especially those that have active religious movements, stem cell research would always be in question. The instance that the success of this research would be misused is also an on-going debate. The Human Genome Project Human genomic mapping was first introduced in the year 1980, with the first map produced in 1987 (cited in Toga Mazziota, 2002, p. 15). It excited the interest among scientists, which later led to the conceptualization of the human Genome Project. This $3 billion project contributed a lot to the understanding of human biology.Most especially, it determined the huge importance of ontogenesis the biological map (T oga and Mazziota, 2002, p. 15). Neuroscience is the field of honor that benefits the most in human genomic mapping. The development of these maps is relevant into monitoring of the presence of diseases, such as the Huntingtons disease, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. Common diseases such as the Alzheimers disease have also been detected in maps. Maps are incorporated in a database that is accessible to molecular biologists. Scientists may also work maps of newly discovered diseases useful in future studies.This created a large network of scientists exchanging information and resources. The interaction among scientists is led by the Human Genome Organization, responsible in particular for the management of chromosome workshops. The continuation of the human genome project opened opportunities to technological fronts and progress to other fields of scientific endeavors. New types of genetic markers have been developed for bridle for better experimental strategies and comp utational methods. Collectively, these methods help in assembling the results in to physical maps (Toga Mazziota, 2002, p. 15).Genomics has a considerable potential for the improvement of the health situation of the developing countries in the future. Illness can already be traced and cured by genetic interventions. Thus, improving the healthcare leads to relief in human suffering (Colson Cameron, 2004, 2004, pp. 63-64). References Colson, C. W. N. M. de S. Cameron. (2004). Human dignity in the biotech century a Christian vision for public policy. Retrieved May 19, 2009, from http//books. google. com/books? id=ygIiRL7mQBkCpg=PA63dq=advantage+benefits+human+genomic+mapas_brr=3PPA63,M1 Experiment Resources. (2008). Stem Cell Research Pros and Cons.Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Experiment Resources http//www. experiment-resources. com/stem-cell-pros-and-cons. html National Institute of Health. (2009, April 28). Stem Cell Basics What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must be flood out before these potential uses will be realized? Retrieved May 18, 2009, from http//stemcells. nih. gov/info/basics/basics6. asp Toga, A. W. J. C. Mazziota. (2002). Brain mapping the methods. 2nd ed. Retrieved May 19, 2009, from http//books. google. com/books? id=mBBYKllGwZYCpg=RA1-PA15dq=benefits+advantage+of+having+human+genomic+mapas_brr=3PRA1-PA14,M1

European Court of Human Rights

atomic number 63an Court of Human RightsIntroductionThe purpose of litigation at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), is to examine alleged violations and ensure that States Parties comply with their obligations under the Convention, providing individual(a) applicants with effective remedies and just satisfaction under Articles 13 and 41 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The wider objective is to defend and embed locally the three CoE foundation st atomic number 53s liberal pluralist democracy, human rights and the rule of equity to effect geomorphological and institutional change and create a common democratic and legal area by dint ofout the whole of the continent. Yet comprised of 47 member submits and 811 million citizens, the CoE inhabits a fundamentally different territorial scope to that in May 1949. Originally a social and ideological counter ramify to NATO, it has undergone a central shift in its core modus operandi from an interstate process of protecting the democratic identity of Member States through the medium of human rights to its emerging front line role as an arbiter of liberal human rights through the medium of individual petition. Considerable problems that threaten to undermine what has been achieved over the fifty years during which the Convention has operated lead one to ask whether there is any point taking such aspects at all.This brief essay is split in two sections. Section one analyses the multilateral problem outlined deep down PACE Resolution 1226 (2000) the inadequate clarity and casuistical nature of Court judgements, characterised by doctrinal uncertainty in the adjustment of appreciation the systemic non-implementation of judgments and failure to employ necessary reforms that would avoid further violations, with a case study of the Russian league and a critique of the deficient rigour and failure of the Committee of government ministers (CoM) to exert enough pressure when supervising the execution of judgments.Section two, explores the central debate between individual and primitive rightness and the potential impact Protocol 14 may fox on the asphyxiating6 Court and CoM. Finally I assess the accomplishments of Strasbourg litigation before returning positively to our initial question with a passionate case for individual petition against the backdrop of a tide of human rights ab economic consumption in post-communist accession Europe the benefit of the Interlaken proposals and preservation of the Human Rights Act 1998.Section One ProblemsTheoretical Fault Lines An Unprincipled MarginThe extent to which there is any point to Strasbourg litigation is determined in the offset printing instance by the extent to which the Court can effectively balance its role as a supra field of study juridical guarantor of liberal individualist human rights, within the CoE frame rick of upholding and deferring to the thread of pluralist democracy an intrinsically collective ideal . For McHarg, Strasbourg natural law is characterised by the absence of a abstract framework integrating a preferable rights model with a defensible conception of the public interest. Greer agrees, highlighting unresolved normative, institutional, and adjudicative questions, and the failure of the Court to stand a concrete body of jurisprudence and constitutional authority. The result formulaic, thin decisions and un-ordered interpretive principles, at best devaluing Convention rights and at worst denying them.This dichotomy is contend out through the margin of appreciation doctrine the latitude given to States Parties based on their intermit position with the facts on the ground. ECHR protections are not absolute, except relative they are subject to exceptions permitting infringement of the fundamental right or freedom, specifically defined within paragraph two of Articles 8-11 and under Article 15 (A15) can be erased altogether to the extent strictly required by the exigenci es of the situation. These express definitional restrictions remind us of Bentham this, we see, is saying nothing it leaves the law just as free and unfettered as it found it. Strict juridical interpretation and objectivity are critical to the defence of Convention rights in the context of these exceptions.The flexibility of the margin is for Waldock advantageous to the evolutive nature of Strasbourg Jurisprudence, and for Dr Arai-Takahashi value pluralism being the fundamental prerequisite and virtue of a liberal democratic society, a set of standardised rules would devalue regional legitimacy and richness of cultural values and traditions among member states. The CoE is clear in its aim to promote awareness and encourage the development of Europes cultural identity and diversity.That Convention rights are relative is a moot point for realist theorists, since States Parties would never have been willing to be bound by the Convention in the first place without safeguarding their d emocratic sovereignty.Yet McHarg notes the paradox in a legal scheme which is supposed to protect the individual against the collective, sanctioning limitations to rights on collective grounds. How off the beaten track(predicate) in practice does the ECtHR go towards fulfilling the supervisory function it refers to in Handyside v UK (1976)? To what extent does Osts strayion that there is never an unchallengeable margin hold consecutive? McHarg talks of doctrinal uncertainty while Jones points out that even the Courts president has acknowledged the justification to some extent of criticism of the doctrines lack of precision and use without principled standards. Fiercer critics lambast the abdication of the Courts enforcement responsibility. Dembour questions if Convention rights are so full of contradictions that they are use slight?It is intrinsic to the dichotomy between international individual rights protections and the national collective interest that the margin of appreciat ion occupies a middle position between subjectivity and objectivity between a burden of proof fearlessly on the government on one hand and on the other of wide deference to it. In Lawless v. Ireland (1961), Waldock asserteda Governments discharge of responsibilities is a problem of appreciating complex factors and balancing conflicting considerations of the public interest once the Court is satisfied that the appreciation is on the margin the interest the public itself has in effective Government and maintenance of order justifies and requires a decision in favour of the legality of the Governments appreciation Simpson saw this reflecting an implicit determination to back the authorities. Dembour and Jones single assessments of further A15 derogations demonstrate consistently deferential applications of the margin, and reluctance to objectively scrutinise the existence of an emergency or of the measures implemented to tackle it. In Greece v. United landed estate (1958), the Comm ission argued that the assessment whether or not a public danger threatening the life of the nation existed is a question of appreciation determining the hardship of the repressive measures employed, the UK government enjoyed a certain discretion. Such a position is clearly evident in Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978), confirmed in Brannigan v. McBride (1993), both concerning A15 derogations of Article 5 with regard to the detention of suspects in Ireland. Several problems arise from the rationale employed in these cases. Dembour draws our attention to the absence of a factually and theoretically strict compendium impossible to justify in human rights terms. Indeed, the inevitability of a wide margin in the context of A15 derogations, led Judge Martens to assert that there is no justification for leaving a wide margin because the Court, being the stopping point resort protector, is called upon to strictly scrutinise every derogation. Jones contends a state of emergency objectively determinable if a national government has evidence of such a situation, he asks why this is not capable of assessment by an international Court?Implementation A pessimistic view is well founded Strasbourg jurisprudence has demonstrated the capability of the Court to robustly uphold Convention rights from major shows of arbitrariness, ensuring a degree of judge for applicants and families, international attention, accountability in relation to serious violations, and domestic legislative change. Notwithstanding the significance of such supranational decisions, analysis of the pending caseload (some 116,800 cases in October 2009), reveals a Court facing unsustainable pressure from repetitive cases concerned with structural problems in civil, criminal and administrative proceedings serious pervasive human rights abuses and unacceptable delays in the implementation of judgements. Implementation remains the Achilles heel of the Convention system, A brief case study of Russia undersc ores the gravity of the situation.It is the irony of recital that the Russian Federation now occupies a key position in the very organisation established to provide European unity and security in the face of Soviet communism. Comprising 27.3% (31,850) of all pending applications at the ECtHR, the Medvedev Government faces protracted challenges in its attempts to develop civil and economic freedoms ending the legal nihilism that is badly hindering modern development. I write following the death in Butyrka prison of Sergei Magnitsky, an anti-corruption lawyer acting for HSBC / Hermitage Capital in the $230m tax fraud case. This case and the ongoing second Khordokovsky trial are emblematic of structural defects in the Russian criminal justice system and procuratura that have lead to the accusation and captivity of many innocent persons. Other important cases demonstrate the gravity of the situation, including Gusinskiy v Russia, Ilascu and Others v Moldova and Russia, the first six Chechen cases, Shamayev and 12 others v Russia and Georgia and Aleksanyan v Russia. Leutheusser-Schnarrenbergers recent PACE report on politically motivated abuses of the criminal justice system is a powerful indictment of the failure of the Russian Federation to entrench a meaningful institutional framework that engages with the rule of law. The report highlights a multi-layered problematic of political and hierarchical vectors of pressure on judges to secure convictions retrogressive legislative proposals that call into questions Putins implementation of jury trial the endemic failure to safeguard defence lawyers from coercion and realise a truly free-living objective procedure for their selection and quality serious investigative flaws and unremitting legal nihilism.The systemic pervasive abuse of human rights in Chechnya represents perhaps the close to serious Convention violations. It is here that PACE and the CoM face their most urgent challenges. Bowring draws our attention to the recent memorandum on the North Caucasus, exposing violations by security forces, including enforced disappearances, torture, extrajuridic executions and impunity for these violations of international law while Leach candidly outlines the scope and extent of the crisis the first Chechen cases demonstrate the real limitations of the individual rights mechanism of the European Court as a forum for resolving wide scale, systemic and serious human rights violations.In his recent put down to Birkbeck College, Leach vividly underscored the at odds(p) and lamentable and licitly unsatisfactory problem of non-disclosure (ND) of domestic case files, in spite of repeated requests made by the Court. 33 of the 37 Chechen judgments have been characterised by this problem, notably Basayeva and Others v. Russia and Bitayeva and X v. Russia and Isayeva, Yusopova and Bazayeva v. Russia. The Court in Bazorkina v. Russia pointed out that documents of the criminal investigation are fundamental to the establishment of the facts and their absence may prejudice the Courts seemly examination of the compliant both at the admissibility and merits stage. Chechnya aside, Leach identifies a further threefold problem of implementation vis--vis Russia, confirmed in Pourgourides 2008 CLAHR Report deficient judicial review over pre-trial detention, resulting in excessive periods of detention and overcrowding the Nadzor procedure supervisory review of final judicial decisions and the urgent complex problem of the non-enforcement of domestic judicial decisions against the stateIn the context of these problems, can there be any hope for optimism? Bowring draws our attention to the often ignored historical context which has characterised Russia as bulge of a long and complex relationship with human rights and with the rule of law and judicial independence, which are its essential underpinning. It is in this context he argues that the ECHR, rather than an extraneous implantis to a la rge extent a restoration of the reforms of the 1860s. Ghorkova contends current legal reforms and the creation of the rule of law and a civil society with the appropriate structures and mechanisms to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as the participation in the activities of the Council of Europe, are wholly in line with Russian Interests.Behind Russias posturing is, agree to Bowring a serious engagement with international law its commitment in terms of diplomatic and financial resources is substantial and compliance with its obligations indeed, in 2007 the ECtHR heard 192 complaints against Russia. Russia won just 6 and paid in full the orders for compensation in every case. In addition, in a wider sense, Leach points out the pre-eminent position of the CoE vis--vis Russia in view of the inability of the United Nations effectively to sanction Russia over human rights abuses, and as a result of Russian suspicion about the motives and aims of the OSCE. Entrench ing the rule of law in Russia will be a slow process. However, the mechanisms for its success are at least in legislative terms visible. It is my contention that through the work of the CoE and ECtHR, the Russian Federation will make a true engagement with human rights. As we shall explore below, the right of individual petition is an essential part of this process. It is easy to dismiss the Court as having failed in its mission when confronted by the ongoing abuses of rights in Russia. Yet this depends on how one defines success.From Systemic Individual rightness to an Abstract Constitutional identityThe critical mass of applications lodged coupled with systemic non implementation of Court judgements has led Wildhaber to a paradoxical observation that the quantum leap in recognising the individual as a subject of international law, has reduced the capability of the ECtHR to ensure the safeguarding of the individual from violations of Convention rights. That the Courts well noted a sphyxiation is intrinsically think to the right of individual recourse is clear. De Vries April 2009 CLAHR Report lays bare the unsustainable increase in applications, principally in the wake of post-communist accession, underscoring the urgent need to tackle obviously inadmissible cases repetitive cases that concern established systemic defects and to concentrate on the most important cases.The inferences drawn from these stark figures have been decisive shaping proposals to ameliorate the crisis only moreover reveal the wider battle for the soul of the ECHR borne out of competing understandings of the Courts function. The crippling application rate is for Greer emblematic of the intrinsic failure of the CoE structure to systematically deliver individual justice intrinsic since individual recourse is a flawed paradigm.Foremost, the Convention system was, according to Greer, simply not designed as a conduit for the tip of individual human rights through the medium of individual p etition, but rather the protection of democratic identity through the medium of human rights. Its contemporary utility is thus encouraging European public organisational, legal and ideological parity though articulation of an abstract constitutional model member states should then apply. Greer goes on to cast doubt over the possibility of the ability of the Convention system to deliver systematic justice to every applicant, concluding that given this individual justice becomes arbitrary. Finally, he argues that where cases are adjudicated in favour of the applicant, they are often hollow victories marked by symbolic rather than instrumental awards of just satisfaction, but beyond that little else.Consequentially he argues the urgent need to that the cases the Court does select for adjudication represent the most serious Convention compliance problems in Europe, and that they are colonized with maximum authority and impact. Wildhaber agrees, the need for the Court to concentrate its efforts on decisions of principle However, for Sir Stephen Sedley, the proposal to introduce a discretion to refuse to entertain cases which are legally admissible is a counsel of despair to do this would be to abandon the Courts crucial role, which is not that of a Supreme Court, but that of a tribunal of last resort for citizens of non-compliant states. This, he argues may be attractive to judges but is less attractive to citizens of sates which persistently or systematically fail to observe the convention. And this is less attractive still in light of the concern that amendments to the admissibility criteria will restrict the right of individuals to seek redress at the European Court, without adequately tackling the problem of the increase number of Convention violations across Europe.Conclusion Why Bother?Camerons renewed pledge to repatriate the Human Rights Act (1998) (HRA) with a British bill of rights to better tailor, but also strengthen, the protection of our core rights may soon be a reality. DPP Kier Starmer has made an impassioned defence of the HRA and broad impact of Convention jurisprudence on the CPS the common law sometimes struggles with a coherent approach to human rights the Human Rights Act is an essential component of the framework within which everyones rights may be protected.The ECHR has shored up the right to a fair trial in the UK, the CPS underscoring the relationship between Article 6 and its work securing the forthrightness of trial proceedings in criminal proceedings. It was central to the development of PACE (1984), ensuring formality of interrogation and ending miscarriages of justice through uncorroborated evidence. Regina v Fulling (1987) demonstrates the efficiency of PACE safeguards against evidence collected under oppression, contrary to the ECHR the meaning of the term (oppression) reflects the wording of Article 3.Starmer underscores the positive obligation on the state to take comely steps to protect potential vict ims from a real and immediate risk to their lives from criminal activity. When they (victims) unfortunately acquire that status, they have the right to an effective investigation. These are rights that border from the Human Rights Act, not rights that conflict with it. Critically, they are now enforceable in court. Through the application of the ECHR, challenges may be made under Section 78 PACE as to the admissibility of the evidence obtained and victims have the right to challenge decisions not to prosecute, particularly where they can point to poor decision-making or inappropriate consideration of contrary factors in that process.The HRA is central to legal certainty and transparency, and development of a modern public prosecution service prosecuting firmly and fairly, in an open, transparent and independent means supporting victims and witnesses by enabling, encouraging and supporting their effective participation at all stages in the criminal justice process and a commitment to prize and protect the human rights of all those affected by our decisions, whether they be victims, witnesses, suspects or defendants.Klug demonstrates the tangible protection of freedom under the Human Rights Act in 16 important areas freedom of association private and family life freedom of expression and the media terrorism torture jurisdiction in Iraq protecting the right to life investigations into deaths sum asylum seekers disability mental health restraint of young people in secure training centres sexual orientation race and gender. A hardly a(prenominal) examples of Case law in these areas make a powerful case for Strasbourg litigation.A and others v UK (2009) held that the incarceration of suspected international terrorists under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and security measure Act 2001 without charge or trial was disproportionate and discriminated on the ground of nationality or immigration status. In R (H) v Mental Health go over Tribunal, the rights of those det ained under the Mental Health Act (1983) were bolstered by the shifting burden of proof for continued detention onto the health authority. Prisoners rights have been enhanced, including the granting of voting rights in Goldberg and Others v. Minister of Prisons (1979) the freedom from censorship of correspondence, in Silver and Others v. UK (1980) and changes to cell policies following the racist murder of a prisoner in R (Amin) v SSHD (2003). R (Baiai) v SSHD (2008) was important ensuring the sacrosanct right to marry under Article 12 was free from discrimination on the grounds of immigration status.Leach, in his recent visit to Birkbeck College drew attention to the heart-rending fact finding missions in Anchora in the early 1990s, highlighting serious pervasive violations of the Kurdish minority in South east Turkey. The deplorable case of Aydin v. Turkey (2005) is emblematic of the effect of individual petition and its fundamental importance to the effective protection of the su bstantive rights and freedoms provided for in the Convention. It is perhaps through this significant programme of litigation, setting key standards in violations of Articles 2, 3 and 5, and delivering access to justice to those most vulnerable and marginalised members of society that the true point of litigation in Strasbourg is made.For those in the North Caucuses, 2009 has been a frightful year, symbolised by the death in Grozny in July of Natalia Estimirova, followed a month later by Zarema Sadulayeva and Alik Dzhabrailov. Through the delivery of constitutional justice those most vulnerable people whose voices so desperately need to be heard will be cut off from the most advanced(a) international system for protecting civil and political liberties. Barkhuysen and Emmerick contend that the Courts constitutional legitimacy and moral authority are derived through providing legal protection to individuals by breaking the State Partys sovereignty. This unique achievement, unprecedent ed in international must be defended. It is here that the point of Strasbourg litigation is to be found.